Danh mục tạp chất của phản ứng hóa học

Isocyanates are critical building blocks for high performance polyurethane-based polymers that make up coatings, foams, adhesives, elastomers, and insulation. Concerns over exposure to residual isocyanates led to new limits for residual isocyanates in new products. Traditional analytical methods for measuring the residual isocyanate (NCO) concentration using offline sampling and analysis raise concerns. In situ monitoring with process analytical technology addresses these challenges and enables manufacturers and formulators to ensure that product quality specifications, personnel safety, and environmental regulations are met.

Polymerization reaction measurement is crucial to produce material that meets requirements, including Immediate understanding, accurate and reproducible, Improved safety.

Kiến thức về động học tạp chất và cơ chế hình thành rất quan trọng trong việc xác định điểm cuối phản ứng trong các nghiên cứu phát triển hóa học và quá trình. Các mẫu phản ứng chính xác, tái sản xuất và đại diện là cần thiết cho các nghiên cứu này.

Theo dõi và Kiểm soát việc Tổng hợp Thuốc thử Grignard

Hydro hóa là một trong những phản ứng hóa học hàng đầu được sử dụng vì nó cho phép sự hình thành, trong một bước duy nhất, liên kết đơn C-C từ anken và alkynes, liên kết C-O từ xeton, aldehyt hoặc este và C-N (amin) từ imine hoặc nitrile.

Highly reactive chemistry is a terminology used to describe chemical reactions that are particularly challenging to handle and develop due to the potentially hazardous and/or energetic nature of the reactants, intermediates and products that are present during synthesis. These chemistries often involve highly exothermic reactions which require specialized equipment or extreme operating conditions (such as low temperature) to ensure adequate control. Ensuring safe operating conditions, minimizing human exposure, and gaining the maximum amount of information from each experiment are key factors in successfully designing and scaling-up highly reactive chemistries.

Nhiều quy trình yêu cầu phản ứng phải được diễn ra ở áp suất cao. Làm việc trong điều kiện áp suất thực sự là thách thức và lấy mẫu để đo offline là rất khó khăn và tốn thời gian. Sự thay đổi áp suất có thể ảnh hưởng đến tốc độ phản ứng, sự chuyển đổi và cơ chế cũng như các thông số khác của quá trình cộng với độ nhạy với oxy, nước và các vấn đề an toàn đều là những vấn đề thường gặp.

Tổng hợp/ quá trình Hydroformyl hóa, hoặc oxo rất quan trọng trong việc sản xuất các olefin cho aldehyde và aldehyes từ alkenes. Các phản ứng hydroformyl hóa được thực hiện ở áp suất cao và có thể đặt ra thách thức đối với lấy mẫu do điều kiện phản ứng khắc nghiệt, cũng như các nguyên liệu thô và thuốc thử độc hại, dễ cháy, và dễ phản ứng.

Halogenation occurs when one of more fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atoms replace one or more hydrogen atoms in an organic compound. Depending on the specific halogen, the nature of the substrate molecule and overall reaction conditions, halogenation reactions can be very energetic and follow different pathways. For this reason, understanding these reactions from a kinetics and thermodynamic perspective is critical to ensuring yield, quality and safety of the process.

Catalysts create an alternative path to increase the speed and outcome of a reaction, so a thorough understanding of the reaction kinetics is important. Not only does that provide information about the rate of the reaction, but also provides insight into the mechanism of the reaction. There are two types of catalytic reactions: heterogeneous and homogeneous. Heterogeneous is when the catalyst and reactant exist in two different phases. Homogeneous is when the catalyst and the reactant are in the same phase..

One of the four major classes of chemical reactions, synthesis reactions are represented by important examples in organic synthesis, catalyzed chemistry, polymerizations and inorganic/organometallic chemistry. In the simplest case, a synthesis reaction occurs when two molecules combine to form a third, more complex product molecule. Often, synthesis reactions are more complex and require a thorough understanding of the kinetics and mechanisms of the underlying chemistry, as well as carefully controlled reaction conditions.

Design of Experiments (DoE) requires experiments to be conducted under well-controlled and reproducible conditions in chemical process optimization. Chemical synthesis reactors are designed to perform DoE investigations ensuring high quality data.

Reaction mechanisms describe the successive steps at the molecular level that take place in a chemical reaction. Reaction mechanisms cannot be proven, but rather postulated based on empirical experimentation and deduction. In situ FTIR spectroscopy provides information to support reaction mechanisms hypotheses.

Organometallic Synthesis, or Organometallic Chemistry, refers to the process of creating organometallic compounds, and is among the most researched areas in chemistry. Organometallic compounds are frequently used in fine chemical syntheses and to catalyze reactions. In situ Infrared and Raman spectroscopy are among the most powerful analytical methods for the study of organometallic compounds and syntheses.

Tổng hợp Oligonucleotide là quá trình hóa học trong đó các nucleotide được liên kết đặc biệt để tạo thành sản phẩm của trình tự mong muốn.

Alkylation is the process by when an alkyl group is added to a substrate molecule. Alkylation is a widely used technique in organic chemistry.

This page outlines what epoxides are, how they are synthesized and technology to track reaction progression, including kinetics and key mechanisms.

The Suzuki and related cross-coupling reactions use transition metal catalysts, such as palladium complexes, to form C-C bonds between alkyl and aryl halides with various organic compounds. These catalyzed reactions are widely used methods to efficiently increase molecular complexity in pharmaceutical, polymer, and natural product syntheses. PAT technology is used to investigate cross-coupled reactions with regard to kinetics, mechanisms, thermodynamics, and the effect of reaction variables on performance and safety.

Lithiation and organolithium reactions are key in the development of complex pharmaceutical compounds; organolithium compounds also act as initiators in certain polymerization reactions.

C-H bond activation is a series of mechanistic processes by which stable carbon-hydrogen bonds in organic compounds are cleaved.

Organocatalysis is the use of specific organic molecules that can accelerate chemical reactions via catalytic activation.

A Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) is a vessel in which reagents and reactants flow into a reactor, while the reaction product exits the vessel.