Crystallized product is often separated from the mother liquor by methods of filtration or centrifugation, followed by drying. A wide crystal size distribution with a significant numbers of “fines” often results in poor filterability which can add hours or even days to process cycle time. Poor filterability also relates directly to mother liquor retention which impacts crystal product purity – requiring additional washes with hot solvent which can further increase cycle time and reduce yields.
FBRM process analytical tools are widely used for real-time monitoring and optimization of crystallization for the purpose of avoiding downstream bottlenecks due to poor filterability of the crystal product.

Crystallization kinetics are characterized in terms of two dominant processes, nucleation kinetics and growth kinetics, occurring during crystallization from solution. Nucleation kinetics describe the rate of formation of a stable nuclei. Growth kinetics define the rate at which a stable nuclei grows to a macroscopic crystal. Advanced techniques offer temperature control to modify supersaturation and crystal size and shape.
Continuous crystallization is made possible by advances in process modeling and crystallizer design, which leverage the ability to control crystal size distribution in real time by directly monitoring the crystal population.
In an antisolvent crystallization, the solvent addition rate, addition location and mixing impact local supersaturation in a vessel or pipeline. Scientists and engineers modify crystal size and count by adjusting antisolvent addition protocols and the level of supersaturation.
A well-designed batch crystallization process is one that can be scaled successfully to production scale - giving the desired crystal size distribution, yield, form and purity. Batch crystallization optimization requires maintaining adequate control of the crystallizer temperature (or solvent composition).
Solubility curves are commonly used to illustrate the relationship between solubility, temperature, and solvent type. By plotting temperature vs. solubility, scientists can create the framework needed to develop the desired crystallization process. Once an appropriate solvent is chosen, the solubility curve becomes a critical tool for the development of an effective crystallization process.
Lactose crystallization is an industrial practice to separate lactose from whey solutions via controlled crystallization.
Изменение масштаба или условий перемешивания в кристаллизаторе может напрямую влиять на кинетику процесса кристаллизации и на окончательный размер кристалла. Тепло- и массоперенос — важные факторы, влияющие на охлаждение и действие противорастворителей. Температурные и концентрационные градиенты могут стать причиной неодинаковых уровней пересыщения.
Кристаллизация белка — это процесс и метод создания структурированных, упорядоченных решёток для часто сложных макромолекул.
Введение затравки — критически важный фактор, который необходимо учесть при оптимизации процесса кристаллизации. При разработке схемы затравливания следует учитывать такие параметры, как количество (масса) затравки, размеры частиц и температура при добавлении. Эти параметры, которые обычно оптимизируются с учетом кинетики процесса и требуемых конечных свойств частиц, должны оставаться стабильными в ходе масштабирования и технологического переноса.
Liquid-Liquid phase separation, or oiling out, is an often difficult to detect particle mechanism that can occur during crystallization processes.
In-process probe-based technologies are applied to track particle size and shape changes at full concentration with no dilution or extraction necessary. By tracking the rate and degree of change to particles and crystals in real time, the correct process parameters for crystallization performance can be optimized.
Crystal polymorphism describes the ability of one chemical compound to crystallize in multiple unit cell configurations, which often show different physical properties.
Пересыщение возникает, когда раствор содержит больше растворённого вещества, чем это термодинамически возможно при данных условиях системы. Пересыщение считается основным фактором, вызывающим кристаллизацию.
Recrystallization is a technique used to purify solid compounds by dissolving them in a hot solvent and allowing the solution to cool. During this process, the compound forms pure crystals as the solvent cools, while impurities are excluded. The crystals are then collected, washed, and dried, resulting in a purified solid product. Recrystallization is an essential method for achieving high levels of purity in solid compounds.
Кристаллизатор MSMPR (Mixed Suspension Mixed Product Removal) — это тип кристаллизатора, используемый в промышленных процессах для производства кристаллов высокой чистоты.
Crystallization kinetics are characterized in terms of two dominant processes, nucleation kinetics and growth kinetics, occurring during crystallization from solution. Nucleation kinetics describe the rate of formation of a stable nuclei. Growth kinetics define the rate at which a stable nuclei grows to a macroscopic crystal. Advanced techniques offer temperature control to modify supersaturation and crystal size and shape.
A well-designed batch crystallization process is one that can be scaled successfully to production scale - giving the desired crystal size distribution, yield, form and purity. Batch crystallization optimization requires maintaining adequate control of the crystallizer temperature (or solvent composition).
Solubility curves are commonly used to illustrate the relationship between solubility, temperature, and solvent type. By plotting temperature vs. solubility, scientists can create the framework needed to develop the desired crystallization process. Once an appropriate solvent is chosen, the solubility curve becomes a critical tool for the development of an effective crystallization process.
Изменение масштаба или условий перемешивания в кристаллизаторе может напрямую влиять на кинетику процесса кристаллизации и на окончательный размер кристалла. Тепло- и массоперенос — важные факторы, влияющие на охлаждение и действие противорастворителей. Температурные и концентрационные градиенты могут стать причиной неодинаковых уровней пересыщения.
Введение затравки — критически важный фактор, который необходимо учесть при оптимизации процесса кристаллизации. При разработке схемы затравливания следует учитывать такие параметры, как количество (масса) затравки, размеры частиц и температура при добавлении. Эти параметры, которые обычно оптимизируются с учетом кинетики процесса и требуемых конечных свойств частиц, должны оставаться стабильными в ходе масштабирования и технологического переноса.
In-process probe-based technologies are applied to track particle size and shape changes at full concentration with no dilution or extraction necessary. By tracking the rate and degree of change to particles and crystals in real time, the correct process parameters for crystallization performance can be optimized.
Recrystallization is a technique used to purify solid compounds by dissolving them in a hot solvent and allowing the solution to cool. During this process, the compound forms pure crystals as the solvent cools, while impurities are excluded. The crystals are then collected, washed, and dried, resulting in a purified solid product. Recrystallization is an essential method for achieving high levels of purity in solid compounds.