Lithium Ion Battery

Solutions for Battery Characterization, Production and Testing

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Lithium Ion Batteries

 

   Lithium Ion Battery Diagram

Lithium Ion Battery Diagram

   Electrolyte Analysis

HF Electrolyte Analysis

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Cathode and Anode Testing

Lithium Ion Battery Anode and Cathode Testing

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   Separator Analysis and Testing

Separator Analysis and Testing

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  Lithium Ion Battery Production

Lithium Ion Battery Production

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  PCAM Manufacturing

PCAM Manufacturing

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Guide: Lithium-Ion Battery Lifecycle

Instruments

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FAQ

1. What is the advantage of lithium ion batteries?

Lithium ion batteries can be recharged hundreds of times and are more stable. They tend to have a higher energy density, voltage capacity and a lower self-discharge rate than other rechargeable batteries.

 

2. What is the life of a lithium ion battery?

The typical life of a lithium ion battery is about two to three years or 300 to 500 charge cycles, whichever occurs first.

 

3. What is the safe operating temperature for a lithium ion battery?

Lithium ion batteries perform optimally when charged between 0 °C to 45°C. The optimum discharge temperature is between –20 °C to 60 °C.

 

4. What is the influence of water inside a lithium ion battery?

The water inside a lithium ion battery reacts with the electrolyte to casuse detrimental products like hydrofluoric acid (HF). These chemicals lead to a degradation of the electrodes, disturb the overall function and ultimately lower the capacity. Moreover, water can lead to a thermal runaway scenario, leading to an explosion of the battery.

 

5. Which battery components need to be tested for water?

All battery components needs to be tested for water before they are built into the battery. All components that are in contact with each other via the liquid electrolyte.

 

6. Should the electrolyte be tested for both water and hydrofluoric acid before it is filled into the battery?

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is known for having a bad influence on the battery's performance. It is formed through a reaction of the electrolyte with water. This reaction can occur inside a battery, but also during the production of the electrolyte. Thus, it is important that the electrolyte is not only tested for water, but also for HF itself before it is filled into the battery housing.

 

7. What is the method of choice to test the electrolyte for water?

Coulometric Karl Fischer (KF) titration is the method of choice to determine low water content in samples such as electrolytes. The analysis is fast, reliable and no sample preparation is needed at all. The electrolyte sample is injected into the titration vessel and the result is obtained after 1-2 minutes.

 

8. Which method is recommended to test the solid cathode, anode and separator for water?

Solid samples cannot be directly injected into a Karl Fischer titration vessel. So, a gas-phase extraction oven is needed to extract the water first. The InMotion KF oven automatically heats the solid sample to elevated temperatures and a stream of dry nitrogen carries the vaporized water to the coulometric titration cell, where it is detected. The analysis is fully automated. The electrode is filled into the vials and the method is started by OneClick™.

 

9. Should the density of the electrolyte be checked?

The density of a liquid is dependent on its composition. Water and other impurities change the density of the electrolyte. A quick density check of the electrolyte can reveal contaminations and bad quality.

 

10. How can thermal analysis contribute to lithium ion battery safety testing?

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are valuable tools for determining the thermal stability and decomposition profile of the different battery components. Thermal runaway of the battery can also be investigated in both normal and extreme situations.

 

11. How can the synthesis of graphene anode material be investigated by simultaneous thermal analysis?

A simple and inexpensive route to obtain graphene is to reduce graphene oxide, which can be easily be obtained from graphite. The stepwise reduction of graphene oxide can be easily followed by TGA/DSC.

 

12. Why is separator shut down important and how can it be investigated?

For safety purposes, it is important that the separator shuts down (i.e. pore closure) before the onset of melting. This can be confirmed by thermomechanical analysis (TMA), which characterizes the shrinkage and melting behavior of the separator membrane.

 

13. Could aggressive material harm the measurement device used to formulate a slurry batch?

Weigh modules and load cells are typically installed on the outside of a tank or mixer, so that the measurement device has no direct contact with hot, cold, aggressive or explosive materials. In addition, these sensors are accurate regardless of shape, surface, Di-Electricity, Reynolds Number, viscosity or any other material characteristics.

 

14. How do I calibrate an industrial scales in my machinery and production system?

The load cells and weigh modules that are integrated in machinery and production systems are crucial components that must perform safely and accurately. METTLER TOLEDO offers tailored calibration services for every capacity to help ensure consistent results and reliable operations. These services include, Test Weight Calibration, Test Weight and Material Substitution Calibration, RapidCal™ Hydraulic Calibration ,and CalFreePlus Weightless Calibration with POWERCELL®.

 

15. What is the benefit of weight based electrolyte filling?

Filling the electrolyte directly on top of the weighing device enables a closed loop between the sensor and the filling device. That means you are able to constantly adjust the filling device during full production, eliminating uncertainty factors and guaranteeing a consistent battery cell quality.

 

16. How accurate can you measure the electrolyte filling process?

When it comes to choosing weighing technology for electrolyte filling, important parameters such as readability, repeatability and sensitivity, must be your top considerations. Most importantly, avoid using resolution as your sole selection criteria, as this alone will not guarantee stable results or high quality.

 

17. Can I detect hidden parts in battery modules with an industrial scale?

It is possible to perform a so called tare and cross weight check at the end of the battery module assembly. With this procedure you are able to check if all products are on board and nothing has fallen into the module during the assembly. In addition, weighing is not influenced by shiny aluminum surfaces.

 

18. Why is accurate process pH control important during PCAM manufacturing?

The process pH directly affects the particle size and morphology and as such is responsible for the battery performance; charging/discharging.

 

19. How can I avoid PCAM degradation in crystallizers?

The presence of oxygen in reactors during PCAM synthesis can easily lead to the formation of undesired NCM oxides; therefore, maintaining an inert atmosphere in the reactor headspace is important. Continuous, in situ oxygen measurement provides immediate notification of air ingress or insufficient nitrogen blanketing.

 

20. During PCAM calcination, how can I be sure oxygen concentration is at the required level?

Measuring O2 in a PCAM calciner’s vent line is tricky due to high temperatures, moisture, and dust. The GPro 500 in situ (or in an extractive configuration) oxygen analyzer tolerates such conditions and provides accurate measurements for enabling rapid process control.