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The growing demand for bio products has placed an emphasis on the need for inline, real-time monitoring of critical process parameters in order to optimize and control processes. This ensures maximum product recovery and reduces batch-to-batch variability. This white paper discusses how real-time, inline spectroscopy and particle characterization are utilized to monitor critical parameters in fermentations. The paper focuses, primarily, on monitoring media composition and metabolite products and changes in the microorganism population.